# TB-500 References and Citations: The Source Literature

> TB-500 references and citations: every peer-reviewed study, FDA page, and analytical method cited across this evidence-graded review, with DOIs and PubMed links.

The full source list behind every graded claim — peer-reviewed studies, analytical methods, and the FDA regulatory pages, with linked proof.

## The TB-500 reference list

These are the TB-500 references and citations behind every graded claim on this site. The peer-reviewed studies span the structural biochemistry of actin sequestration, the preclinical wound, cardiac, neurological and hair findings, the human Phase 1 work on full-length thymosin beta-4, and the analytical anti-doping methods built for the TB-500 product class. The regulatory facts are cited to FDA's own pages.

Where a finding rests on full-length thymosin beta-4 rather than the Ac-LKKTETQ fragment, the body text says so; the citation list below preserves the original study so the distinction can be checked at the source. Every numbered marker across the research, dosage, detection, legal-status and FAQ pages resolves to an entry here.

## References

[1] Irobi E, Aguda AH, Larsson M, et al. Structural basis of actin sequestration by thymosin-beta4: implications for WH2 proteins. EMBO J. 2004;23(18):3599-3608. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15329672/
[2] Bock-Marquette I, Saxena A, White MD, Dimaio JM, Srivastava D. Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair. Nature. 2004;432(7016):466-472. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15565145/
[3] Malinda KM, Sidhu GS, Mani H, et al. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. J Invest Dermatol. 1999;113(3):364-368. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10469335/
[4] Morris DC, Cui Y, Cheung WL, et al. A dose-response study of thymosin β4 for the treatment of acute stroke. J Neurol Sci. 2014;345(1-2):61-67. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25060418/
[5] Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(1):37-51. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22074294/
[6] Ruff D, Crockford D, Girardi G, Zhang Y. A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin β4 in healthy volunteers. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1194:223-229. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20536472/
[7] Cooper TM, Sniegowski MC, et al. Doping control analysis of TB-500, a synthetic version of an active region of thymosin β4, in equine urine and plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2012;1266:111-117. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23084823/
[8] Esposito S, Deventer K, Geldof L, Van Eenoo P. Synthesis and characterization of the N-terminal acetylated 17-23 fragment of thymosin beta 4 identified in TB-500, a product suspected to possess doping potential. Drug Test Anal. 2012;4(9):733-738. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1402
[9] Goldstein AL, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4: actin-sequestering protein moonlights to repair injured tissues. Trends Mol Med. 2005;11(9):421-429. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16099219/
[10] Sosne G, Qiu P, Christopherson PL, Wheater MK. Thymosin β4 Promotes Dermal Healing. Vitam Horm. 2016;102:251-275. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27450738/
[11] Gao X, Liang H, Hou F, et al. Thymosin Beta-4 Induces Mouse Hair Growth. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0130040. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26083021/
[12] Thomas A, Walpurgis K, Tretzel L, et al. TB500/TB1000 and SGF1000: A scientific approach for a better understanding of doping-relevant peptide preparations. Drug Test Anal. 2023;15(4):440-449. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36482504/
[13] Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41966639/
[14] Rahaman KA, Muresan AR, Hwang H, et al. Simultaneous quantification of TB-500 and its metabolites in in-vitro experiments and rats by UHPLC-Q-Exactive orbitrap MS/MS and their screening by wound healing activities in-vitro. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2024;1235:124033. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38382158/
[15] World Anti-Doping Agency. The Prohibited List. TB-500 and thymosin beta-4 fall under prohibited peptide, growth-factor and tissue-repair categories; classified as a prescription medicine in some jurisdictions. (Status summarized from the WADA-prohibited classification and the anti-doping detection literature.) https://www.wada-ama.org/en/prohibited-list
[16] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act; Interim Policy on Compounding Using Bulk Drug Substances Under Section 503A. (Definitions of Category 1 and Category 2; bulks-list and nomination framework; the role of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee.) Verified 2026-05-29. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/bulk-drug-substances-used-compounding-under-section-503a-fdc-act
[17] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks. Entry: 'Thymosin beta-4, fragment (LKKTETQ), also known as TB-500' placed in Category 2, effective with the September 29, 2023 update; safety rationale includes potential immunogenicity for certain routes and a lack of important safety information. Verified 2026-05-29. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/certain-bulk-drug-substances-use-compounding-may-present-significant-safety-risks
[18] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. July 23-24, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee. Public calendar listing 'TB-500 (free base)' / 'TB-500 acetate' (with BPC-157, KPV, and MOTs-C) as bulk drug substances being considered for inclusion on the 503A Bulks List — a scheduled discussion, not a decision. Verified 2026-05-29. https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/advisory-committee-calendar/july-23-24-2026-meeting-pharmacy-compounding-advisory-committee-07232026

---

An evidence-graded review of the TB-500 record: each finding stamped verified, preclinical, or no-human-data and linked to its source, the Ac-LKKTETQ-versus-full-length-thymosin-beta-4 caveat marked on every claim, and the FDA 503A and WADA status read straight from the authorities — no clinic behind the dossier and nothing here dispensed or sold.